〰️ Resistor
A resistor limits current. The greater the resistance, the smaller the current. This can make an LED dimmer or brighter.
Low resistance: more current – brighter LED.
Colour-code table (first digits)
Black 0, brown 1, red 2, orange 3, yellow 4, green 5, blue 6, violet 7, grey 8, white 9.
🎨 Resistor colour code
Select the first two digits and the multiplier. The resistance value is calculated automatically.
Value: 330 Ω
| Colour | Number | Multiplier |
|---|---|---|
| Black | 0 | ×1 |
| Brown | 1 | ×10 |
| Red | 2 | ×100 |
| Orange | 3 | ×1.000 |
| Yellow | 4 | ×10.000 |
| Green | 5 | ×100.000 |
| Blue | 6 | ×1.000.000 |
| Violet | 7 | ×10.000.000 |
| Grey | 8 | ×100.000.000 |
| White | 9 | ×1.000.000.000 |
⭐ Knowledge question
What does a resistor do?
▶️| Diode
A diode normally allows current to flow in only one direction.
Click the button to rotate the diode. In the wrong direction, it blocks the current and the LED stays off.
Diode facing the correct way – current flows – LED lights up.
⭐ Knowledge question
What happens when the polarity is reversed?
🔀 Transistor
A small base current controls a larger load current.
How it works:
- The base button is open: no base current, transistor blocks, lamp off.
- The base button is pressed: a small current flows into the base.
- The transistor switches on the load path between collector and emitter; the lamp lights up.
Base button open – no base current – lamp off.
⭐ Knowledge question
What does the small base current do?
║║ Capacitor
A capacitor stores electrical charge for a short time. It can charge and discharge.
During charging, the stored charge increases; during discharging, it decreases. The small lamp indicates the state.
0% charged
⭐ Knowledge question
What can a capacitor do?
➕➖ Electrolytic capacitor
An electrolytic capacitor is polarised. Its terminals have positive and negative.
Difference from a regular capacitor: An electrolytic capacitor is polarised and has positive and negative terminals. It can usually provide a larger capacitance in a small space. Many ceramic or film capacitors, by contrast, are non-polarised.
Correct polarity is important. Incorrect polarity can damage an electrolytic capacitor.
⭐ Knowledge question
What must you pay particular attention to with an electrolytic capacitor?
▣ IC
An IC contains many electronic components. Here it works as an AND gate.
Click A and B. The input lines, chip, and output line show the signal state.
Output Y: 0
At least one input is 0 – the output LED stays off.
| A | B | Y |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
⭐ Knowledge question
When does the output of an AND gate become 1?